Contrastive Linguistics Essay

The address of the standard teleph i interchange A Contrastive Analysis of the Lexis V clanku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Izrazje (sa close toalniske zveze) obeh jezikov smo protistavili tako v strukturnem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrilo vec protistavnih znacilnosti, med drugim razlicni nacini ubeseditve istega pojma, terminoloske praznine in lazni prijatelji, slovensko borzno terminologijo pa zaznamujejo tudi angleske tujke. The article analyzes the vogue of speaking of the linage flip from a Slovene- face ill-sorted view target.The narrow lexis of the dickens nomenclatures was juxtaposed as to the structural and semantic differences of their various(pre nominated) damage and expressions ( titular phrases), revealing much(pre titulary) contrastive phenomena as una equal conceptualizations, terminological gaps and turned friends, charm the Slovene contrast change over nomenclature is as good cha racterized by position foreignisms. 1. interpolation crowd characterizes contrastive analysis (CA) as a hybrid linguistic discipline (1989 4), since it is un sour love incidentist nor globalist and is interested twain in the immanent genius of a linguistic process and in the elans in which whiz spoken communication compargons to other voice communications.CA does non strive to classify deliverys and is interested twain in the differences and similarities amid them. Having had strictly pedagogic implications at premiere, the theoretic foundations of CA were initially laid down by Robert Lado in his linguals A intersection Cultures (1957). Lado supported the reliance that if learners of a foreign run-in (L2) were make awargon of the ways in which their get tongue (L1) and L2 differed, this would facilitate foreign language learning.He went point hike by claiming that the elements of L2 that ar similar to the learners L1 will see plain to learn, with those that argon antithetic macrocosm serious. Lado was the first to suggest a magisterial set of technical procedures for the contrastive deliberate of languages this included descriptions of languages and their comparabilitys as well as predictions of L2 learning difficulties. In its most compulsive phrasing, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed to be able to predict all learners errors move in using an L2.However, empirical studies conducted during the mid-seventies could non sustain this claim, making it slip by that CA could scarcely predict trus cardinalrthy gnarly aras for learners and nigh of the errors they atomic number 18 reverberate to make in their versions of L2 (James 1989 145 my italics). both comparisons work on the basis of the presumption that the entities to be comp atomic number 18d involve certain(prenominal) things in ballpark, and that both differences surrounded by them loafer be laid 154 Slovenski jezik Slovene linguistic Stu dies 7 (2009) against this putting surface background. A CA consequently eternally involves a ballpark linguistic chopine of reference, against which contrastive deviations atomic number 18 stated.This common broadcast is termed tertium comparationis (TC). Depending on the ad chooseed TC, the same aspects of language whitethorn turn erupt be similar or diametrical (Krzeszowski 1990 16). In syntactic and lexical contrastive studies, the TC is often taken to be nominal or semantic symme sieve (i press out. ), mainly in combination. Contrastive linguistics is non a unified field of theater. The digest may be on common or on language specific sustains. The study may be theoretical (theoretical CA), without any immediate application, or it may be applied (applied CA), i. e. carried out for a specific purpose (Fisiak 1981 23).Further, Gabrovsek (2005 756) points out that contrastive work bottom of the inning be done at the levels of phonology, graphology, lexicology, g rammar, and textology. This is wherefore any contrastive work moldiness necessarily be limited in scope and thus eternally behave merely a fragment of the general contrastive landsdetonating devicee of a give pair of languages. Contrastive lexicology is the contrastive study of the vocabularies of two (or more than) languages. It concerns itself with the transposition of lexical points from L1 to L2 and vice-versa, liner such difficulties as culture-bound vocabulary, interlingual mis yokees, lexical gaps, and so forth(ibid. 62194).Equivalence between lexical items in two languages poop be complete (trgovalni dan calling day), spotial (organizirani trg adjust commercialize), or nil (TUVL insider). on that point are two possible scenarios in transposing such elusive lexical building blocks every the L2 analogous is completely unk directlyn to us (what, for example, is narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine in slope), which talent lead to ample con fusion or even a communication breakdown, or we are doubtful as to the correct collocate (is SLO organizator trga EN foodstuff organizer or grocery operator?), which may make our L2 un idiomatical, yet does non impede successful communication.Depending on the pattern and environment it appears in, a lexical item will typically well-organism from additional semantic shading enforce by the surrounding lexical elements (semantic tailoring), and often consequently arrive disparate counter fibers in L2. Note the pairs svezenjbundle, avkcijavendue, majhen smaller, just now (in a railway line exchange context) svezenjblock (trade), prekinitvena avkcijavolatility interruption, mali vlagatelj sell investor.The collocator and the base, even if lexically predictable in L2, may appear in the glacial hallow in the two languages (zascita vlagateljevinvestor protection) or be joined by a several(predicate) preposition (trgovati z obveznicamitrade in gravels). Another collocation-re lated problem, interlingually, is mendacious friends (borzna) kotacija ? ( securities industry) quotation. Lexicological CA to a fault deals with divergent polysemy (vzdrzevalec likvidnostiliquidity supplier or food foodstuff guide manufacturer).This article focuses on lexical contrastive studies and chooses as its TC the position and Slovene lexis of the language of the transmission line exchange, chisel between formal and semantic comparing of the ground and expressions in the two languages. winning the Slovene- side of meat contrastive viewpoint, we focused on nominal phrases (NPs), which have been examined as to the types of (non-)correspondence, on the structural as well as semantic level. The aim of this article has not been a discussion of oral communication as such terminology is here solely the aim of contrastive lexicology, which lies at the core of this paper. B.Bozinovski, The lecture of the beginning substitution 155 As to the structural aspect, a div ergence had been evaluate of the following kind SLO im partial NP multiform NP EN unproblematic NP decomposable NP Byzantine NP simple NP On the semantic level, an occasional discrepancy had been anticipate between the meaning of a special(prenominal) NP in isolation and that in a particular context (in antithetic word combinations, most notably collocations), semantic tailoring cosmos a feature of not only LGP (language for general purposes) notwithstanding too LSP (language for special purposes). We had thus anticipate NPs to have several(predicate) displacement homogeneouss in different environments. slope being the lingua franca of the monetary earth, we had also expected to distinguish the English term to be of a much more specialized genius than their Slovene counterparts. 2. Materials and methods The present CA entailed a lexicological comparison of pairs of (original) Slovene and (translated) English texts used in the repair operations of the Ljublj ana job veer Inc. (LJSE). In juxtaposing texts with the same TCthe common syllabus for comparison was convey exchange terminologypairs of lexemes ( scathe and expressions) relevant to our discussion were aced out and compared as to their structural and semantic properties.Given that we dealt with an LSP, our direct concern was with NPs, which constitute the main part of any LSP. The analysis was found on the thus-compiled database of over 1,000 pairs of head course, of which only a survival appears in this article. 3. Analysis 3. 1. SLO simple NP avkcija CVS delnica delnicar dividenda glavnica indeks izdaja nalozba narocilo obveznica posel EN simple NP auction sale NAV administer characterholder dividend principal powerfulness issue investment order bond trade 156 Slovenski jezik Slovene lingual Studies 7 (2009) 3. 1. SLO simple NP promet sklad svezenj trg EN simple NP (continued) turnover breed block groceryThe logical English combining weights for promet, posel and izdaja in general language or in isolation would be, for example, traffic, business and betrayal, with bond, auction and apportion being translated into Slovene as vez, drazba and delez, scarce in a expect exchange context the respective analogouss are LSP specific and uncontroversial. Svezenj and trg prove more problematic. The former can each be translated as block (of securities) or as block trade, since it can refer to a particular quantity of securities or to a trade executed in that particular quantity of securitiesboth svezenj in Slovene.Trg can either be rendered as single-word market or immix order book, depending on the context. In the oddball of the securities market in general, trg is equivalent to the EN market, exclusively in combination with the duty platform and orders dictated in the transaction constitution, trg will normally be order book (narocila na trguorders sitting in the order book). SLO avkcija and dividenda are LSP hurt of an internationa l character, having been adopted from English (which their English counterparts clearly show), opus the others are Slovene words.While avkcija, trg, izdaja, and narocilo are polysemous words of widespread use in Slovene LGP and only obtain specialized meanings when used in proper line of products exchange contexts, dividenda, sklad, delnica, glavnica, nalozba and obveznica are financial term of an inherently terminological nature. In English, the situation is slightly different only dividend and investment belong to the financial field, dapple all other words have a wide set off of uses and senses. In their full versions, CVS (cista vrednost sredstev) and NAV (net asset value) are structurally divergent but lexically bluff.3. 2. SLO simple NP borza dokapitalizacija kupnina lot nezaupnica pooblascenec pripojitev Statut VEP EN complex NP N+N N+N N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N N+PP N+PP N+PP stock exchange capital increase purchase damage trading unit vote of no confidence proxy holder unification by acquisition Articles of Association NAV per unit Except for dokapitalizacijacapital increase, kupninapurchase wrong, pripojitev jointure by acquisition and nezaupnicavote of no confidence, which parcel at least some lexical elements, the remaining pairs are lexically completely divergent. B.Bozinovski, The spoken communication of the Stock Exchange 157 3. 3. SLO simple NP EN simple NP N+N Adj+NP Adj+N N+PP Adj+NP N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N Adj+N Adj+N unit futures point delisting differential tick LJSE quote (n. ) ticket gist earnest enota premozenja financne terminske pogodbe indeksna tocka izkljucitev iz (borznega) trga izvedeni financni performer korak kotacije Ljubljanska borza narocilo za nakup in prodajo stevilka posla trgovalna koda vrednostni papir The lexically completely divergent Ljubljanska borza and LJSE deserve a word of mention.While having an adjectival premodifier (denoting the place) and a simple nominal head (denoting the institution) in Slovene, E nglish give voices the concept differently in several regard. First, Ljubljana in Ljubljana Stock Exchange is a nominal premodifier, as hostile to the adjective ljubljanski. Further, the simple borza has a complex equivalent in English, viz. the compound stock exchange, the two terms being lexically miles apart (the word borza itself has secret code in common with stocks or securities or exchanges of any kind).What is more, all this is packaged into an English acronym of the stock exchange name, thus LJSE, which is common practice with English names of stock exchanges (New York Stock ExchangeNYSE, London Stock ExchangeLSE, National Association of Securities Dealers automatise Quotations NASDAQ), temporary hookup less so in Slovene. The Slovene name of the exchange either appears in its full form or is slashed to borza. English abbreviations and acronyms are a common feature of stock exchange terminology and have penetrated Slovene in their original forms in large numbers.Exa mples include ETF (exchange traded fundindeksni vzajemni sklad), SI ( overbearing internalizersistematicni internalizator), MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directivedirektiva o trgu financnih instrumentov), OTC (over-the-counter, which has no give voice equivalent in Slovene), FOK (fill-or-killnarocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine). In these cases, there are no equivalent Slovene abbreviations (although descriptive equivalents do inhabit), since the English ones are recognized and actively used by all Slovene speakers of the LSP in question.Note also the difference between the highly idiomatic fill-or-kill as opposed to the descriptive Slovene expression. 3. 4. 3. 4. 1. SLO complex NP EN complex NP structurally and lexically transparent equivalents auction trading brokerage house avkcijsko trgovanje borznoposredniska hisa 158 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)3. 4. 1. Structurally and lexically transparent equivalents (continued) elect ronic trading financial instrument institutional investor familiar company trading day elektronsko trgovanje financni instrument institucionalni vlagatelj javna druzba trgovalni danNote further instances of the so-called international words in both columns, under(a)lining the international character of the terminology avkcijskoauction, financnifinancial, instrumentinstrument, elektronskoelectronic, institucionalniinstitutional.Although we do have a native Slovene word for institution, which is ustanova, there is no semantically corresponding Slovene adjective (ustanovni in this case would be a delusive friend) this is why the Slovene term applys the international premodifier. 3. 4. 2.Structurally gibe, lexically unpredictable equivalents official market regulated market retail investor semi-official market average impairment initial public offering bullish market registered shares snobbish bonds government bonds open-end fund borzna kotacija organizirani trg mali vlagatelj pr osti trg enotni tecaj prva javna prodaja bikovski trend imenske delnice podjetniske obveznice javne obveznice vzajemni sklad here we have NPs of the uniform coordinate Adj+N on both sides, and what is problematic is the lexical choiceseither of premodifiers or of heads.In place of official one would expect a fusion with the words stock exchange (judging from borzen). Kotacija does have a direct exposition, to wit quotation, but the English term refers to the highest bid or lowest ask price available on a security at any given age and thus the two are false friends. The very specific Slovene term borzna kotacija, which stands for the part of the LJSE regulated market intended for companies complying with strict reporting and disclosure obligations, only has one equivalent in English, namely official market.For organizirani trg, many would expect organized market, which, however, is a mistranslation. Instinctively, and not being familiar with stock exchange terminology, a transla tor efficacy also be tempted to translate the apparently unproblematic mali vlagatelj as something like small investor, which would of course result in implications part from the stock exchange context. If boldnessed at in isolation, prost, enoten, prodaja, trend, imenski, kotacija, podjetniski, javen would all get translations different from those in the above right B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 159 column. Here they appear in typical multi-word lexical items from the language of the stock exchange, and demand specific equivalents. The above pairs are also illustrative of the different conceptualizations in the two languages. Take podjetniske obveznicethey are not *entrepreneurial bonds or *company bonds, but rather private bonds. What is more, although one might expect, in view of the logic of things, the paired of private to be public bonds, English nevertheless calls them government bonds (while Slovene does see them as public, thus javne obveznice). 3. 4. 3.Structurally divergent, lexically duplicate equivalents 3. 4. 3. a. Opposite order of lexemes or different parts of speech delnica prostega trga druzba za upravljanje dvotirni sistem vodenja druzb indeks blue-chip stock delnic indeks celotnega trga indeks obveznic posel s sveznjem struktura prometa vzdrzevalec likvidnosti N+NP N+PP Adj+N+ NP N+NP N+NP N+N N+PP N+N N+N semi-official market share management company two-tier management system blue-chip advocate total market superpower finger bond index block trade turnover structure liquidity provider NP+N N+N NP+N+ N N+N NP+N N+N N+N N+N N+NIn phrases with indices, Slovene has plural nominal postmodifiers in the genitive case (indeks obveznic), while English will typically lexicalize the same concept though a singular nominal premodifier in the nominative (bond index). The delnice part of the respective Slovene NPs (indeks blue-chip delnic, indeks delnic investicijskih skladov) has a nil realization in English (blue-chip ind ex, investment fund index). 3. 4. 3. b.Structurally different premodifiers avkcijsko trgovanje celotna trzna kapitalizacija delniska druzba osnovni kapital presezni certifikat tekoci podatki trzna kapitalizacija trzno narocilo cenovno obcutljiva informacija dobro pouceni vlagatelj auction trading total market capitalization joint-stock company share capital outperformance certificate real-time data market capitalization market order price-sensitive study well-informed investor 160 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)Slovene uses adjectival premodifiers where English has nominal ones, except in the last two cases, which both share the structure of a nominal head premodified by an adjective and even share the same head, but employ different premodifiers the Slovene premodifier has the head obcutljiv premodified by the adverb cenovno, whereas in English the same information is give voice finished a compound peaceful of a noun (price) and an adjective (sensitive).3. 4. 3. c. Structurally different postmodifiers delnice investicijskih skladov predcasni odkup delnic stopnja donosa trzna kapitalizacija obveznic shares of investment funds early buyback of shares rate of return market cap of bonds The recurrent pattern here is a nominal postmodifier in the genitive case in Slovene as opposed to a postmodifying prepositional phrase (PP)typically the of-phrase, as shown by all of the above examplesin English.Both groups of postmodifiers have the same section (namely that of expressing genitival relations), irrespective of their having different constructions Slovene being a synthetic language, its expression of the genitive involves attaching genitival suffixes on postmodifying nouns, with English, an analytic language, having the same content express through an independent morpheme (the preposition of). Postmodifiers may be PPs on both sides, but with different heads sredstva v upravljanju trgovanje z obveznicami sistematicni internalizator za del nice 3.4. 4. N+PP N+PP NP+PP assets under management N+PP trading in bonds N+PP systematic internalizer in NP+PP shares Structurally and lexically divergent equivalents EN BTS trading system GBD brokerage house market maker TUVL instalment 3. 4. 4. a. Explanatory equivalent BTS GBD TUVL segment The acronym TUVL stands for Trg uradnih vzdrzevalcev likvidnosti, BTS for borzni trgovalni sistem and GBD for Gorenjska borznoposredniska hisa, none of which have English counterparts.There are other Slovene acronyms and abbreviations that do not have direct English equivalents and consider informative phrases when being translated into English, e. g. , CTG (celotna globina trga), ATVP (Agencija za trg vrednostnih paprijev), KDD (Centralna klirinsko depotna druzba), DZU (druzba za upravljanje), ID (investicijska druzba), PID (pooblascena investicijska druzba), and others. disregard the names of institutions, only a some are left, a situation B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Excha nge 161 somewhat different from that in English, which abounds in abbreviated forms.These, in turn, do typically not film explanatory Slovene phrases to be understood by Slovenes, being used world-wide by the speakers of the LSP in question. Slovene abbreviations, on the other hand, are not self-explanatory or known to English speakers, and therefore do need explanations. cf. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents Below are a a few(prenominal) groups of recurrent constructions that appear in the two languages as equivalent SLO NP NP(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) Kodeks upravljanja javnih delniskih druzb SLO NP N(nomin. )+N(gen.) nihanje cen obrat kapitalizacije placilo kuponov revizija indeksov SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) indeks delnic borznega in prostega trga EN NP NP+N Corporate Governance Code EN NP N+N price volatility turnover rate verifier payment index review EN NP NP+N total market index Note the contrastively problematic EN index review (similarly index performance, index structure, index constituents, etc., where the premodifying noun index is always in the singular, both if referring to a single index (SLO revizija indeksa) or several (SLO revizija indeksov).This calls for an captive English-Slovene translator who must infer from context. SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) datum zapadlosti zadnjega kupona SLO NP N(nomin. )+N (gen. ) institut izstopa institut iztisnitve oddelitev druzbe SLO NP NP+PP prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende izvedeni financni instrumenti na blago SLO NP NP/N+PP borzni clan z oddaljenim dostopom narocilo s preudarkom EN NP N+N coupon succession EN NP cpd sell-out squeeze-out spin-off EN NP N+N ex-dividend date commodity derivatives EN NP Adj+N remote member discretionary order.162 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) SLO NP N+PP delnice v borzni kotaciji 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents (continued) SLO NP N+PP poslovanje s sveznji prenosi med racuni istega imetnika trgovanje z vrednostnimi p apirji trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij SLO NP N+PP potrdilo o pravnomocnosti SLO NP Adj+N (borzni) clan kosovne delnice presecni datum EN NP NP+N official market shares.EN NP N+N block trading inter-accounts management securities trading insider dealing EN NP N(gen. )+NP tourist courts finality seal EN NP N/NP+N member (firm) no par value shares record date The above lists of corresponding construction patterns are far from exhaustive. We have merely make an attempt at classifying selected NPs both harmonize to their structural (congruent or divergent) and lexical (transparent or oblique) properties, trying to show that there are innumerable patterns of correspondence between the two languages.4.Discussion and conclusion The present analysis has mapped out a complex wind vane of interlingual correspondences between Slovene and English terms and expressions from the language of the stock exchange. The CA focused on the form of the identified pairs of NPs as well as on pro blems of meaning, discovering such interlingual difficulties as divergent polysemy, false friends, conceptual and lexical gaps. This was expected, since languages are known to differ in an unsystematic and largely unpredictable manner as to expressing the same content.We will now present our findings under the following lead headings a. Translation correspondence. Lexical (terminological) gaps The analysis has shown the frequent type of translation correspondence between the identified Slovene and English NPs to be partial correspondence it involves structural non-congruence, often bring together with complexities of meaning. Example pairs include pooblascenecproxy holder, trgovalna kodaticker, posel s sveznjemblock trade, trzna kapitalizacijamarket capitalization, promet clanovturnover by member firms, nominalne delnicepar value shares, etc.There were also instances of complete correspondence, where the English and Slovene NPs were both structurally and semantically congruent, bu t these were a minority. Examples include prometturnover, trgovalni dantrading day. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 163 Examples of nil correspondence between English and Slovene NPs have revealed lexical (or, rather terminological) gaps in the languages of the stock exchange, where certain concepts live on or have been lexicalized in one language but not in the other.English terms for which there are no cliched Slovene equivalents include insider, blue-chip, OTC, and many others. Our expectations regarding the three types of translation par to be found between lexical items in two languages, as laid down in the Introduction, have thus been confirmed. English is the lingua franca of business and finance, and this is also reflected (interlingually) in the language of the stock exchange.New concepts and terms for them are innate(p) in the Anglophone West, while the rest of the world adopts the English terminology and mostly just localizes it to a certain extent, often impuissance to come up with language-specific equivalent terms. As a result, Slovene stock exchange terminology abounds in carbon copies of English terms (blue-chip indeks, sistematicni internalizator, insajder), directly modelled upon their English counterparts, and descriptive expressions (izvedeni financni instrument, trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij, prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende).Especially tricky are virtually untranslatable English terms that have no lexical equivalent in Slovene at all (mistrade, market maker, OTC, hedge fund). Problematic as to their Slovene equivalents are also the idiom-like pumping dumping, painting the tape, wash sales, scalping, etc. When there are no ready-made translation equivalents (lexical, conceptual gaps), there are at least three optionsa) to make up a bracing Slovene term, b) to opt for a descriptive equivalent, or c) to try to find an approximate functional equivalent.descriptive expressions (posli, pri kate rih je sprememba lastnistva financnih instrumentov zgolj navidezna for wash sales) can be long-winded. in operation(p) equivalents (narocilo s skrito kolicino is a type of order very similar to iceberg order, but not identical to iceberg) can be inaccurate. The third option, to invent a new term, lies outside the scope of translation work, since in LSP it is not customary for translators to decide on selectred terms for concepts. These are for experts to tot on (sometimes in cooperation with linguists).Once they wrick used and catch on, the translator may recognize them as legitimate equivalents, based on expert advice, but not before, lest they become ghost words, i. e. terms that exist on paper, but not in actual use. There are also some Slovene terms with no mirror-image English equivalents, which is a general feature of any terminology, not just the language of the stock exchange. TUVL, BTS, and the like are limited to terms for concepts unique to the Slovene stock exchange trading platform. We can therefore speak of conceptual gaps.They are translated into English through explanatory equivalents, e. g. , market maker TUVL segment. b. Interference. Collocations, false friends and the like It is a known fact that language learners (translators as non-native speakers of an L2 included) are inclined to attain analogies with their L1 when constructing lexical units in L2. When the two languages cooccur in their formal, semantic or well-formed features, this leads to positive transfer and correct L2 lexical items (terms and expressions). Slovene terms such as mednarodni razpis, nalozba, dividenda, obveznica and 164.Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) their English translations are parallel in all of the above respects and thus unproblematic in translational and contrastive terms. If the formal, semantic or grammatic features of L1 and L2, however, do not overlap, or if they do but only partially (when meanings agree, but not forms, or th e other way around), then constructing L2 terms on the similarity with L1 ones leads to lexical errors and we speak of hoo-ha or negative transfer from L1. This is a misadventure with the bulk of Slovene stock exchange terms and expressions.Take aplikacija, for instance. A translator unacquainted(predicate) with the terminology of the field might be tempted to translate it as application, which, to my knowledge, has no specialized meaning in this field, the correct equivalent being the unpredictable cross trade. Or the much debated organizirani trg, which is not organized in English, but rather regulated market. come across also the temptation of word-for-word interpreting of korak kotacije, borzna kotacija, mali vlagatelj, prekinitvena avkcija and many others.Negative transfer plant life in the opposite direction as well, when it is known as backward prophylactic device under the influence of L2, learners can be often tempted to remodel their L1 lexical items to match those in L2. Even if backward interference be at work, expressions such as financial markets, legal framework, investors would not capture any problems, since they are structurally and semantically parallel to their Slovene equivalents. It gets tricky when the Slovene term for open-end fund is not odprti sklad, but rather vzajemni sklad, and in particular with terms such as quote. restate has the attractive verbal equivalent kotirati that does exist and is widely used but with a different meaning, the correct rendering being narocilo za nakup in prodajo. The cross-linguistic floors are also slippery with terms such as regulated market, which appears unproblematic at first sight in fact, however, regulirani trg is an expression that does not exist in the Slovene language of the stock exchange, where the same concept has been lexicalized through another lexemeorganizirani trg.Further, there are pairs of NPs that look deceptively similar, yet differ in important details, which we had anti cipated in the Introduction to this article. For instance, trade in shares is trgovati z delnicami, assets under management is sredstva v upravljanju, right on a security is pravica iz vrednostnega papirja, bond (sg. ) index is indeks obveznic (pl. ), dobicek (sg. ) na delnico is earnings (pl. ) per share, and capital markets can either be kapitalski trg (sg. ) or kapitalski trgi (pl. ). well-formed collocations are a notoriously difficult interlingual area, causing problems especially in encoding, and so are the singularplural distinctions. When translating slovenski kapitalski trg into English, most would opt for the only reasonable choice, namely Slovene capital market. Yet the English prefer the plural expression, thus Slovene capital markets. imputable to semantic tailoring, a lexical item may be endowed with a multitude of semantic shadings and consequently receive different counterparts in the other language.Trg, for instance, is not always market in the language of the stock exchange. Borzni and prosti trg are exchange and semi-official market, while for narocila na trgu we have orders sitting in the order book. Similarly, the adjective organizirani can either be organized (trading) or regulated (market) in English, while vzdrzevalec likvidnosti can either be liquidity provider or market maker, depending on the context. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 165Conversely, the EN share is not always delez in Slovene note the pairs sharedelnica, official market sharedelnica na borznem trgu, market sharetrzni delez, share capitalosnovni kapital. This confirms our expectations worded in the Introduction on the possible discrepancy between translation equivalents of lexemes in isolation (aplikacijaapplication, organiziranorganized) and those of the same lexemes in a particular context (aplikacijacross trade, organizirani trgregulated market).It is one of the goals of contrastive lexicology to point out such controversial pairs of collocations a nd thus sustain the claim that translation equivalence is largely collocation-dependent. The analysis has also singled out Slovene and English NPs that look similar (have a similar form), but differ, at least partly, in meaning (the so-called false friends). One of them usually belongs to the LSP of the stock exchange, while the other has LGP applications divorced from the stock exchange context quote (n. )kotirati (v.), institutional inve.